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Troubleshooting distributed cache issue:

 1. Export XML config file and compare HOSTS settings with local configurations: http://appfabricadmin.codeplex.com/ - you can use this tool to export XML and review all settings. Exporting cluster settings is also available by powershell.

Compare exported configuration (XML) with “DistributedCacheService.exe.config” in
“C:\Program Files\AppFabric 1.1 for Windows Server\” location

Exported values from cofnfigDB to XML must contain same values as in DistributedCacheService:

 - Correct entries in DistributedCacheService.exe.config according to XML exported before

 2. Check registry for connection string in APPfabric:
 - HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\AppFabric\v1.0\configuration

 3. Gracefull stop of app fabric on faulty server:
Stop-SPDistributedCacheServiceInstance –Graceful

4. Start distributed cache by powershell
$instanceName ="SPDistributedCacheService Name=AppFabricCachingService"
$serviceInstance = Get-SPServiceInstance | ? {($_.service.tostring()) -eq $instanceName -and ($_.server.name) -eq $env:computername}
$serviceInstance.Provision()

Warning: DON’T USE SHAREPOINT CA to start DISTRIBUTED CACHE, because it will break service again!!! 

Sources:
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj219613.aspx http://blogs.technet.com/b/uktechnet/archive/2013/05/07/guest-post-distributed-cache-service-in-sharepoint-2013.aspx
http://blogs.msdn.com/b/besidethepoint/archive/2013/03/27/appfabric-caching-and-sharepoint-2.aspx